Expert consensus of perioperative management in pediatric liver transplantation / 中华外科杂志

Pediatric liver transplantation (PLT) is an effective strategy of treating various acute or chronic end-stage liver diseases and inherited metabolic diseases in children.PLT has been applied in many transplant centers nationwide and has achieved satisfactory results.However,the development of transplant centers is uneven,and there is a lack of consensus and standards within the industry.In order to reduce post-operative complications,accelerate post-operative recovery,and improve the short-and long-term quality of life of children,the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association organized multidisciplinary experts to summarize the progress of domestic and international research,and formulated a perioperative consensus on PLT based on the principles of evidence-based medicine.The consensus provides recommendations for perioperative PLT from three aspects:preoperative assessment and preparation,intraoperative management and postoperative management,in order to provide reference guidelines for centers that are conducting or preparing to conduct PLT.

Errores innatos del metabolismo / Inborn errors of metabolism

Los Errores Innatos del Metabolismo (EIM) son un grupo de condiciones caracterizadas por el acúmulo de sustancias tóxicas producido habitualmente por un defecto enzimático. Su relevancia dentro del grupo de las Enfermedades Raras, es que son consideradas hoy un conjunto de patologías tratables, ya que han sido particularmente beneficiadas por leyes de drogas huérfanas, permitiendo el acceso a terapias seguras y eficaces en tratar sus síntomas y la causa que las produce. Su diagnóstico se debe sospechar clínicamente ante ciertos patrones de síntomas y signos, y con un laboratorio sencillo disponible en todos los hospitales y clínicas de Chile, se puede acceder fácilmente a una aproximación inicial, confirmada por estudios realizados en centros de referencia. Su tratamiento debe ser instaurado oportunamente para evitar el desarrollo de secuelas irreparables. La existencia de Programas de Pesquisa Neonatal es la aproximación diagnóstica ideal para llegar precozmente al diagnóstico de estas condiciones.

Inborn Errors of Metabolism are a group of conditions characterized by the accumulation of toxic substances commonly produced by an enzymatic defect. Its relevance within the group of rare diseases is that they are considered today a set of treatable pathologies, as they have been particularly benefit from orphan drug laws, allowing access to safe and effective therapies to treat their symptoms. Its diagnosis should be suspected clinically to certain patterns of symptoms and signs, and with a simple laboratory available in all Hospitals and Clinics Chile can easily earn an initial approximation, to be confirmed by studies in reference centers. The treatment should be started promptly to prevent the development of irreversible sequelae. The existence of Newborn Screening Programs is ideal for reaching early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

Actualización en el manejo agudo de errores congénitos del metabolismo / Update on acute management of inborn errors of metabolism

Inborn metabolic disorders are genetic diseases which are uncommon each one, but together they are not. They are characterized by an enzimatic defect that blocks a metabolic pathway, producing specific signs and symptoms. The current article pretends be an updated guideline for their acute management which is based on: 1) Inmediate life support, hydroelectrolyte balance and sample procurement, 2) Avoiding the production of toxic endogenous metabolites and anabolism promotion, 3) The supplementation of substrates and 4) The removal of toxic substances. Their prompt suspicious, identification and treatment starting will be crucial for neurological prognosis and prevention of death.

Los errores congénitos del metabolismo son enfermedades genéticas poco frecuentes pero que en conjunto no lo son. Se caracterizan por un defecto enzimático que bloquea una vía metabólica produciendo manifestaciones clínicas características. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar una guía actualizada para su manejo agudo, el cual consiste en: 1) Medidas inmediatas de soporte vital, manejo hidroelectrolítico y obtención de muestras críticas; 2) Evitar la producción endógena de metabolitos tóxicos y favorecer el anabolismo; 3) Suplementación de sustratos y 4) Remoción de sustancias tóxicas. Su pronta sospecha, identificación e inicio de tratamiento, resulta fundamental para mejorar el pronóstico neurológico y evitar la muerte.

Stem cell through present and future.

Stem cell transplantation (SCT) has the potential to transform the lives of children with a wide variety of genetic diseases, ranging from inherent defects of hemopoietic cell production or function through to metabolic diseases mostly affecting solid organs. For these children life expectancy or quality of life would otherwise be very poor. It ranks as one of the most remarkable therapeutic advances of the past 40 years. Despite rapid technological improvements, however, there are still many short term risks and potential long term toxicities. Consequently, the rapid emergence of alternative therapies (including new drugs, enzyme and gene therapies), necessitate constant re-evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio for each disease and hence the appropriateness of SCT. This review describes the major aspects of the transplant process, indications for transplantation, outcome statistics, and areas where alternative therapies are becoming available. SCT remains a highly experimental therapy. Due to the relatively short history of the discipline no data exists on truly long term follow up. This is important as some organs benefit relatively poorly or problems may emerge which were never apparent as part of the untreated disease. The speed of technological change makes randomised trials on these diseases, which are individually quite rare, almost impossible to perform.

Tratamento de erros inatos do metabolismo: [revisão] / Treatment of inborn errors of metabolism: [review]

OBJETIVO: Esta revisão teve por objetivo abordar a situação atual do tratamento dos distúrbios do metabolismo intermediário (principalmente dos aminoácidos, ciclo da uréia e ácidos orgânicos) e das doenças relacionadas a duas organelas subcelulares (lisossomos e peroxissomos). FONTES DOS DADOS: Na abordagem do tratamento dos distúrbios do metabolismo intermediário, foi dada prioridade às principais formas de manejo da intoxicação, em virtude da importância para o pediatra do tratamento de quadros agudos e com risco de vida. O artigo apresenta também uma visão geral do tratamento das doenças lisossômicas e peroxissômicas, com ênfase na terapia de reposição enzimática, uma modalidade de tratamento de uso crescente com a qual o pediatra deve se familiarizar. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: As principais medidas para manejo da intoxicação presente em muitos erros inatos do metabolismo intermediário foram apresentadas (restrição de aporte de substrato através da dieta ou através de inibição enzimática, remoção do produto tóxico, estímulo da atividade enzimática residual, reposição do produto deficiente). O material elaborado sobre terapia para doenças lisossômicas e peroxissômicas inclui tabelas informativas sobre os tratamentos disponíveis. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento dos erros inatos do metabolismo é uma situação complexa e que deve ser abordada por uma equipe multidisciplinar, na qual o pediatra é peça-chave. Este capítulo contém informações práticas relativas ao manejo de alguns erros inatos do metabolismo e proporciona ao pediatra uma visão geral dos desenvolvimentos recentes ocorrido nessa área da medicina.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current state of treatment for disorders of intermediate metabolism (primarily of amino acids, urea cycle and organic acids) and for diseases related to two subcellular organelles (lysosomes and peroxisomes). SOURCES: In covering the treatment of disorders of intermediate metabolism, priority was given to the most important methods for managing intoxication, in view of the importance for pediatricians to treat acute and life-threatening cases. The article also provides a general overview of the treatment for lysosomal and peroxisomal diseases, with emphasis on enzyme replacement therapy, which is a treatment modality that is growing in use and with which pediatricians should make themselves familiar. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The most important measures used to manage the intoxication present in many inborn errors of intermediate metabolism were presented (restriction of substrate build-up by means of diet or enzymatic inhibition, removal of toxic products, stimulation of residual enzyme activity, replacement of the deficient product). The section on treatment for lysosomal and peroxisomal diseases includes tables providing information on the treatments available. CONCLUSIONS: Treating inborn errors of metabolism is a complex task that should be performed by a multidisciplinary team of which the pediatrician is the key member. This article provides practical information relating to the management of some inborn errors of metabolism and provides pediatricians with a general overview of recent developments in this area of medicine.

Error innato del metabolismo: presentación de un caso / Inborn error of metabolism: a case presentation

Presentamos los hallazgos clínicos patológicos de un caso de error innato del metabolismo: tipo intoxicación celular, su diagnóstico y tratamiento

Therapy of metabolic disorders with intravenous (IV) access ports and long term intravenous L-carnitine therapy.

With the expansion of newborn screening to include many organic acidurias and fatty acid oxidation defects, effective therapies of these disorders will be needed. Currently severe disorders such as methylmalonic and propionic aciduria. conventional therapy with diet and oral L-camitine often prove ineffective in preventing failure to thrive and recurrent metabolic decompensations. L-carnitine provides a natural pathway for removal of the toxic metabolites in these disorders and is life saving therapy but, with poor oral absorption (25%), it is difficult to supply adequate carnitine to meet the metabolic needs of these patients. Long term intravenous L-carnitine therapy, administered through a subcutaneous venous access port in 5 patients with organic acidurias [propionic aciduria (2), methylmalonic aciduria (2), 3 methylglutaconic aciduria(1)] resulted in improved growth, lower frequency of metabolic decompensations and increased tolerance of natural protein in the diet. An added benefit was the ability to initiate fluid. electrolytes, and antibiotics during metabolic decompensations at home thus averting hospitalizations.

Inborn errors of metabolism: a clinical overview

CONTEXT: Inborn errors of metabolism cause hereditary metabolic diseases (HMD) and classically they result from the lack of activity of one or more specific enzymes or defects in the transportation of proteins. OBJECTIVES: A clinical review of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) to give a practical approach to the physician with figures and tables to help in understanding the more common groups of these disorders. DATA SOURCE: A systematic review of the clinical and biochemical basis of IEM in the literature, especially considering the last ten years and a classic textbook (Scriver CR et al, 1995). SELECTION OF STUDIES: A selection of 108 references about IEM by experts in the subject was made. Clinical cases are presented with the peculiar symptoms of various diseases. DATA SYNTHESIS: IEM are frequently misdiagnosed because the general practitioner, or pediatrician in the neonatal or intensive care units, does not think about this diagnosis until the more common cause have been ruled out. This review includes inheritance patterns and clinical and laboratory findings of the more common IEM diseases within a clinical classification that give a general idea about these disorders. A summary of treatment types for metabolic inherited diseases is given. CONCLUSIONS: IEM are not rare diseases, unlike previous thinking about them, and IEM patients form part of the clientele in emergency rooms at general hospitals and in intensive care units. They are also to be found in neurological, pediatric, obstetrics, surgical and psychiatric clinics seeking diagnoses, prognoses and therapeutic or supportive treatment